Definitions of Pre-Pleistocene formation names in Java

Pleistocene formations are in a separate file

INDEX

Halang Beds, Jampang Series, Jiwo Layers, Jonggrangan Beds, Kalibeng Beds, Kalibiuk Beds, Kaliglagah Beds, Kaliwangu Beds, Kapung limestone, Karangbolong limestone, Karimunjawa slates, Karren limestone, Kawengan Fm., Kebo Beds, Kepek Layers, Kerek Beds, Klapanunggal limestone, Klitik limestone, Kranji Beds, Kujung Fm., Kumbang Beds

Haar (C. ter) (1934). Toelichting bij Blad 58 (Boemiajoe), Geol. Kaart van Java 1 /100 000, pp. 16-19.

At the type locality the Halang Beds have the following composition: well-bedded green andesitic sandstones and tuffaceous conglomerates, alternating with dark greenish marine marls. Over a thickness of 500 m the volcanic components are the more important, then follow 300 m marls with a few intercalated andesitic sandstones. On the bedding planes of the andesitic sandstones irregular worm-shaped ridges have been observed resembling tracks of some marine organism. In several places W and SW of the village of Bantarkawung, gray-white andesitic sandstones are intercalated in the green andesitic sediments.

Especially around Bantarkawung foraminifera were found indicating an Upper Miocene (Tf) age. Mollusca have only been encountered as fragments.

More to the West (Majenang), W.H. Hetzel, found limestones intercalated in the Halang Beds, amounting in some places to thick, unbedded reef limestones, occurring especially in the upper part of the formation.

In the lower part thin, gray limestones and marly limestone were found intercalated in the mainly volcanic sandstone complex. The facies is, however, changing over short distances, although the general composition, volcanic sandstones and marine marls is typical for the formation wherever it occurs. Near Majenang, foraminifera were encountered indicating a Middle Miocene age, so that the Halang Formation must be assumed to range from the Middle Miocene to, and including, the Upper Miocene.

A strongly fossiliferous reef-limestone is disclosed in the Cisande River, N of Lurahagung (Cisande-limestone). In this a molar of Aceratherium boschi von Koenigswald was found, the oldest vertebrate remains found on Java. The determination has been disputed by Hooyer (1946).

An extensive discussion of the so-called Cisande Limestone is given by van Bemmelen, 1949a, pp. 650-651. Herein it is stated that the corals found in the limestone contain 46% of recent forms. This would give the age as older than a coralline fauna from the Tapak Beds, which contain 54% recent forms, and which have been assigned to the Lower Pliocene.

The tooth of the disputed Aceratherium was found in marls and marly limestones overlying the reef of the Cisande limestone proper. Van Bemmelen suggests that there is a stratigraphical break between the Upper Halang Reef limestone (equivalent to the Cidadap Beds and the younger marls / limestones of Cisande, which are assigned to the Kaliwangu Beds (equivalent to the Cijurei and Tapak Beds). The hiatus is equivalent to the Kumbang Beds.

This hiatus has been already noted by Le Roy, in his study of microfaunae of the Kaliwangu and Cidadap Beds. (Quoted in van Bemmelen, 1949a, p. 650).

The Halang beds conformably overlie the Lawak Beds and are conformably overlain by the Kumbang Beds.

Type locality: Canyon of Cikabajutan River through Geger Halang, lat. 7 º 2' S, long. 108º 49' E.

Geographical distribution: Western Part of North Serayu Mnts., sheets 54 and 58 Geol. Surv. The geographical range is probably much larger, but insufficient data are available at present.

Diagnostic. fossils: Trybliolepidina rutteni van der Vlerk; Lepidocyclina borneensis Provale; L. douvillei Yabe; Cycloclypeus indopacificus Tan; C. postindopacificus Tan.

References: Hetzel (W.H.) (1935), pp. 15-21; Bemmelen (R.W. van) (1949), p. 605; Hooyer (D.A.) (1946), pp. 107-108.

Anonymous (1940). Jaarb. Mijnw. Ned. Ind., 1939, pp. 16-27.

This group may be divided into two parts:

a) The Lower Jampang Series Tuffaceous Globigerina - marls, tuff-sandstones and beds of calcareous tuff-breccias of andesitic and dacitic composition, with intercalations of thick limestone lenses containing larger foraminifera. The foraminifera indicate a Lower Miocene age. According to van Bemmelen (1949, p. 619) these beds may be correlated with the Sigugur Beds, the Lutut Beds and the Pelang Beds. The thickness of the Lower Jampang Series is about 1,200 m. They disconformably overlie the Eocene Ciletuh Beds and are in turn overlain by:

b) The Upper Jampang Series. The lower part of these consists of dacitic tuff sandstones and pumice tuffs, alternating with andesitic breccias and tuffs. Intercalated limestones contain Spiroclypeus indicating still a Lower Miocene age.

The upper part consists of mainly volcanic deposits with scarce marine intercalations. Unstratified, coarse andesite breccias, calcareous tuff-sandstones and tuffaceous marly clays, as well as limestones occur. Some quartz veins in this series contain gold. The larger foraminifera indicate a Burdigalian age (Te5-Tf1). The series is overlain by the Cimandiri complex and reaches a thickness of about 2,000 m.

Type locality: No special type locality. The L.J.S. are well disclosed along the Cimandiri River, near the Pelabuhan Ratu Bay, W. part of Jampang district, South Priangan, W. Java. The U.J.S. are best developed in the Hanjuwang Mnts., South of Lengkong, in the same district.

Geographical distribution: Between Sukabumi and Pelabuhan Ratu Bay, in a strip of about 25 km breadth; Bantam, W. Java.

Lower Jampang Series: Trillina howchini (Schlumberger); Spiroclypeus sp.; Cycloclypeus sp.

Upper Jampang Series: Miogypsina kotoi Hanzawa; M. thecidaeformis Rutten; Cycloclypeus annulatus Martin; Trillina howchini.

Comments from B.P.M.:

On account of the co-occurrence of Cycloclypeus annulatus and Trillina howchini the age of the Upper Jampang series, as far as the larger foram bearing beds are concerned, can be designated as Tf 1. The part of the Lower Jampang series containing larger forams can be considered as being of Te age.

References: Pannekoek (A.J.) (1946), vol LXIII, pt. 3, pp. 340-367 Bemmelen (R.W. van) (1949), vol. 1A, pp. 619-620.

Bothe (A.Ch.D.) (1929). Djiwo Hills and Southern Range, Exc. guide 4th Pacific Science Congr., pp. 1-14.

Fossiliferous marine beds, discordantly overlying strongly folded pre Tertiary schists. They probably may be subdivided into two formations

Gamping layers (Formation)

Upper Eocene Tb, Discocyclina javana, D. dispansa, D. omphalus,

Limestones and Tb. Marls with foram. Nummulites [=Camerina] bagelensis, N. pengaronensis

Wungkal layers (Formation).

Lower Eocene Ta. Conglomerates, gritty sandstones and limestones with foraminifera

The series is discordantly overlain by transgressive Miocene (See Southern Mnts. Miocene).

According to Caudri (1934) the series is equivalent to the M. Kirthar stage of India.

Type locality: Gunung (= mountain) Gamping, and G. Wungkal, the first 5 km E of Bayat, the second 3 km W of Bayat village, 15 km SE of Klaten, near Yogyakarta, C. Java.

Geographical distribution: Type localities only.

References: Caudri (C.M.B.) (1934); Gerth (H.) (1931), XXII, p.192; Bemmelen (R.W. van) (1949), p. 106.

The Jiwo Hills sections have not yet been adequately described and results published. In brief, there are conglomerates and sandstone overlying basement, the latter often contact metamophosed by the Old Andesite intrusion, although the resulting rock has been quarried out for use as a knife-sharpening stone. Clastics apear to pass up inot mixed fine clastics and limestones, although bedding is very fragmentary. The Gamping Beds (meaning "limestone" in Javanese) and Wungkal Beds, contain only Middle Eocene larger foraminifera, planktontic forams and nannofossils. The genus Pellatispira, often cited as the index for a Tb, Late Eocene age is recorded in the same samples as Alveolina, Nummulites javanus, Assilina and Linderina, as well as morozovellid planktonic forams (all Middle Eocene indicators). 

See: West Progo Beds, Jonggrangan Marls And Limestones.

Duyjes (J.) (1936). Zur Geologie und Stratigraphie des Kendeng Gebietes zwischen Trinil und Surabaya (Java). De Ing. in Ned. Indie, vol. VIII, pt. 4, pp. 137, 144, 145, 146.

In the original paper cited above a summary of the beds is given:

The Lower Kalibeng Beds are monotonous, unbedded Globigerina-marls, in the western part of the Kendeng seem to overlie Lepidocyclina Beds of Miocene age.

The Upper Kalibeng Beds show a change of facies from West to East. In the West they consist mainly of coralline limestones and Globigerina limestones, while to the East they pass into bedded sandy marls with glauconite and smaller foraminifera (sheet 105) and eventually into thin-bedded diatomaceous beds.

In 1938, Duyfjes published four papers dealing with the eastern part of the Kendeng Hills (see below). In the Western part (sheet 109) the Lower Kalibeng beds have a thickness of at least 500 m, but the lower limit is not disclosed. The Upper-Kalibeng Beds on sheet 109 consist of limestones with a thickness varying between 50 and 300 m. To the south increasing thicknesses of glauconiferous sandy marls overlie the limestone, while on sheet 110 the former facies has entirely displaced with a thickness sandy facies is here developed as volcanic sandstones with a thickness varying between 25-150 m.

The sandstones are overlain by diatomaceous marls, to a total thickness (including the sandstone) of maximum 700 m. The diatomaceous facies persists also in the vicinity of Surabaya (sheet 115), but to the North the beds change again to a coralline limestone, as near Gresik, where these limestones have been used for a cement-industry. The thickness of the limestones is about 200m.

In the Island of Madura the Upper Kalibeng Beds occur also as Lithothamnium reef limestones.

The quick changes of facies indicate that the Upper Kalibeng Beds were deposited along a coast in strongly varying conditions.

As has been mentioned above, the Kalibeng Beds overlie beds the Lepidocyclina (Trybliolepidina) sp. and other larger foraminifera indicating a Miocene age. (Rembang Formation, according to Duyfjes; Kerek Beds (Formation) according to van Bemmelen).

The superposition is disconformable. Van Bemmelen indicates the intercalations of the volcanic Banyak Beds between the formations in the Western part of the Kendeng hills.

The Kalibeng Beds may be correlated, according to Van Bemmelen (1949), with the Banyak / Cipluk Beds (L. Kalibeng) and L. Damar Beds (U. Kalibeng) in the Western part of the Kendeng Hills (Semarang Ungaran area); with the U. Wonocolo Beds, Ledok Beds and Mundu Marl Formation of the Rembang area.

Type locality: Kali (river) Beng 14 km NW of Jombang on sheet 110 of geol. map of Java 1 : 100,000, at long. 112° 8' 50" E, lat. 7° 26' 20" S.

Geographical distribution: Kendeng Hills, between Surabaya (E. Java) and Trinil (C. Java) in the cores of numerous anticlines, further in the Island of Madura in -numerous anticlines.

Diagnostic fossils: none.

References: Duyfjes (J.) (1938a), pp. 11-18; Duyfjes (J.) (1938b), pp. 11-12; Duyfjes (J.) (1938c), pp. 18-30; Duyfjes (J.) (1938d), pp. 13-15; Bemmelen (R.W. van) (1949), pp. 573-583.

Haar (C. ter) (1934). Toelichting bij Blad 58 (Boemiajoe). Geol. Kaart van Java, 1 / 100,000, pp. 27-32.

Fossiliferous blue claystones and marls, with near the base and the top intercalations of thin sandstone beds. In the middle of the series occurs a zone with lenses of green sandstone, very rich in mollusca, belonging to the Cheribonian stage of the Pliocene, according to Oostingh (1935, p. 227). The mollusca indicate a tidal zone facies, and possibly the Kalibiuk Beds merge laterally into the overlying Kaliglagah Beds, which consist mainly of continental or tidal-zone deposits. In the N part of the Bentarsari Basin the Kalibiuk beds are well developed in the typical facies, attaining a thickness of about 175 m, while 5 km to the S, on the other side of the basin, the beds have disappeared, the Kaliglagah Beds in this place directly overlying the Tapak Beds. The thickness also diminishes from E to W: near Bantarkawung on sheet 58 the thickness is about 500 m, diminishing over a distance in Western direction of 15 km to 175 m near Bentarsari, to disappear completely in the Eastern extremity of the Bentarsari Basin. On the other hand, the thickness of the overlying Kaliglagah Beds (Formation) increases from about 225 m in the North of the basin, to about 410 m in the South. The difference is 185 m, accounting for the same thickness (175 m) of Kalibiuk Beds (Formation) which wedge out in the same direction. This suggests a lateral equivalence of at least part of the formations. The beds overlie conformably the Tapak Beds (Formation) The contact is especially well disclosed along the N of the Bentarsari Basin.

The molluscan fauna has been described by Oostingh (1935). The percentage of living forms is 42-55 % from the different localities, that is lower than the underlying Tapak Beds (58-60 %). This throws additional doubt on the usefulness of the percentage method of age determination as soon as it is applied to detailed sections. The age ascertained with mollusca is lower Pliocene, but the conformably overlying Kaliglagali Beds (Formation) contain a beautiful mammalian fauna of Upper Pliocene age, and it is probable that the Kalibiuk Beds (Formation) are at least partially belonging to the lower part of the Upper Pliocene, or to the uppermost part of the Lower Pliocene.

The Kalibiuk Beds may be correlated with the Cijulang Beds more to the West on sheet 54, and with the Bodas Series to the East.

Type locality: Kali Biuk (Kali Bioek), a small tributary of the Kali Glagah, long. 108° 58' 27" E, lat. 7° 8' 40" S. Sections are described by Ter Haar from the Kali Pemali at long. 108° 55' 27" E. lat. 7° 12' S and by Hetzel from the Cibuhun (Ciboehoen) at 108° 48' E, lat. 7° 8' 15" S.

Geographical distribution: Along the N rim of the Bentarsari Basin in a strip about 1 km broad and along the lower reaches of the Kali Glagah and Kali, as well as in the centre of the Cijurang anticline along the Cijurang River, ENE of Bantarkawung, along the N Rim of the N Serayu range S of Semarang.

Diagnostic fossils: 73 species of Gastropoda and Pelecypoda have been described by Oostingh (1935) for which is referred to this paper.

References: Hetzel (W.H.) (1935), pp. 27-29; Oostingh (C.H.) (1935);Bemmelen (R.W. van) (1949), pp. 606, 654; Bemmelen (R.W. van) (1941), pp. 32-38.

Haar (C. ter) (1934). Toelichting bij Blad 58 (Boemiajoe). Geol. Kaart van Java 1 / 100,000, pp. 32-40.

The Kaliglagah beds are characterized by a renewal of coarse elastic sedimentation after the deposition of the underlying Kalibiuk Beds, on which they are conformably resting. The lower 150 m, in the type region, are composed of about equal parts black claystone, green marls and andesitic sandstone and conglomerates, the latter in thick beds alternating with the former. The sandstones are often cross-bedded. This part of the Kaliglagah Beds is characterized by an included fauna of fresh-water molluscs, as well as fossil mammals, indicating an Upper Pliocene age. The mammal remains are concentrated in a zone about 50 m above the base, the Lower Vertebrate Zone (Untere Wirbeltierhorizont) of von Koenigswald (1933-1934).

In the next 200 m the sediments become increasingly coarse, the conglomerates taking the upper hand, the claystones and marls gradually disappearing. Thin layers of lignite are intercalated, which in the Bentarsari Basin more to the West, attain thicknesses of 2-3 feet (Hetzel, 1934, p. 30). Moreover, in the Bentarsari Basin, the deposits are much finer-grained and consist of 50 m sandstones at the base, followed by sandstones with lignite, shales with plant-remains and tuffaceous clays. Only the upper part of the beds in the Bentarsari Basin contain the characteristic conglomerates and boulder-beds. As has been remarked in treating the Kalibiuk Beds (Formation), the Kaliglagah Beds (Formation) in the Bentarsari Basin are probably at least partly laterally merging into the former, and the border between the two formations is not as sharply marked there as in the type region along the Kaliglagah River, where on top of the reef-limestones of the upper Kalibiuk Beds (Formation) the elastic deposits of the Kaliglagah Beds (Formation) may be easily distinguished.

In the Bentarsari Basin the Kaliglagah Beds form the top of the deposited series. They attain a thickness of 225 m in the N, and of about 410 m in the South, part of which may be occupied by the lateral equivalent of the Kalibiuk Beds (Formation).

In the Kaliglagah region the beds are overlain by the Mengger Horizon (Formation). There are indications that about at the upper limit of the Kaliglagah Beds (Formation), or in the base of the Mengger Horizon (Formation), a second mammal-containing horizon occurs, the Upper Vertebrate Zone (Obere Wirbeltier-Horizont) Of von Koenigswald, containing Lower Pleistocene mammals. The limit between Pliocene and Pleistocene has therefore been placed at the limit between the Kaliglagah Beds and the Mengger Horizon (Formation) (van der Maarel, 1932; von Koenigswald, 1933, 1934).

According to van Bemmelen (1949) the Kaliglagah Beds may be correlated with the Lower Damar Beds in the vicinity of Semarang.

Remarks from Prof. R.H. von Koenigswald. According to new data the Kaliglagah fauna is correlated or compared with Tatrot zone of India. The Pinjor zone is now generally assumed to be Old Pleistocene.

Type Locality: The beds are named after the Kali Glagah, a small river about 9 km N of Bumiaju. As type section has been indicated by the author the section along the Kali Slatri - Ci Saat, two small rivers running at right angles to the strike of the beds in resp. N and NW direction. The Kali Slatri is at long. 108° 58' 57" E, lat. 7° 10' S, the Ci Sadt is 2 km more Westwards. In the Bentarsari Basin good outcrops are along the rivers Citatah, Cibinong and Cileuweung.

Geographical distribution: In two synclines to the East of the river Kali Pemali, on both sides of the Cijurang Anticline; further occupying the centre of the Bentarsari Basin, between long. 108° 45' 17" E and 108° 48'40" E, and lat. 7° 8' 15' S and 7° 10' 45" S, covering an area of about 30 sq. Km.

Diagnostic fossils: In the Bentarsari Basin numerous marine mollusca occur at the base, enumerated by Hetzel, 1935, pp. 31-32.

The Lower Vertebrate Horizon contains: Lutra robusta von Koenigswald; Sus stermmi v. K.; Hippopotamus (Hexaprotodon) simplex v. K., H. (Hexaprotodon) antiquus v. K., Muntiacus bumiajuensis v. K., Cervus problematicus v. K., C. zwaani v. K., C. stehlini v. K., Antilope saatensis v. K., A. gracilicornis v. K., Mastodon (Trilophodon) bumiajuensis, Stegodon trigonocephalus precursor v. K., Elephas sp. (uncertain), Colossochelys atlas Falconer.

The Upper Vertebrate Horizon is only known from boulders in the beds of the Kali Biuk and Kali Saat; Stegodon trigonocephalus Martin, Cryptomastodon martini v. K., are the only specifically determined fossils.

The age of the first mentioned zone is upper Pliocene (Tatrot Zone), of the latter Lower Pleistocene.

References: Hetzel (W.H.) (1935), pp. 30-32; Oostingh (C.H.) (1935), pp. 224-225; Maarel (F.H. v.d.) (1932); Koenigswald (R.H.von) (1933), pp. 101-11; Koenigswald (R.H. von) (1934). pp. 76-78 Bemmelen (R.W. van) (1949), p. 607.

Ludwig (O.) (1933). Toelichting bij Blad 30 (Poerwakarta). Geol. Kaart van Java 1 / 100,000, pp. 18, 19.

Sandstones, calcareous sandstones and limestones with molluscs, in which a tusk of an Elephas sp. was found, indicating a Pliocene(?) age. The beds overlie the Cidadap Beds, but the contact zone is not exposed. The facies is littoral-neritic. The beds are probably equivalent to the Cijurei Beds.

Type locality: Pr. Kaliwangu (Hill), long. 107° 17' 29" E lat. 6° 21' 34.5'S [=107.29145°; -6.35959°], NOT 109° 17' 27" E, lat. 6° 21' 35" S, as given in Marks. W Java, north of Jatiluhur.

Geographical distribution: A narrow strip 10 km long and 500 m broad in E-W direction E of type locality, near Purwakarta, residency Jakarta, W Java.

Reference: Bemmelen (R.W. van) (1949a), p. 649.

See: South Serayu Miocene, Karangbolong Limestone.

Bemmelen (R.W. van) (1949a). The geology of Indonesia, vol. IA, p. 573,

In 1941 van Bemmelen described a limestone formation overlaying conformably the Cipluk Beds in the Semarang-Ungaran area. These limestones, consisting locally of massive (coralline?) beds, elsewhere, of platy strata, are only locally developed, and the same niveau is sometimes represented by marly cla ys with isolated coral stocks. Characteristic for this stage is the presence of andesitic components, while in the NE of the

Semarang-Ungaran area detrital quartz and feldspars are included (van Bemmelen, 1941, p. 31).

The beds locally contain rare Lepidocyclina (Trybliolepidina), indicating a Miocene age, while the overlying Kalibiuk Beds contain a Lower Pliocene mollusean fauna (Cheribonian of Oostingh). The age of the Kapung Limestones may therefore still be uppermost Miocene (Tf3).

The name Kapung Limestone for this unit is first encountered in van Bemmelen's 1949 publication. It is correlated with the limestone part of the Upper Kalibeng Beds (Klitik Limestone member), although the latter are of undoubted Pliocene age. The age difference is accounted for by a gradual displacement of the facies in Mio-Pliocene times, as the uplift of the geosyncline gradually passed from West to East. While in the Western part the clastic and probably synorogenic Damar Beds were formed, conditions in the eastern part of geosyncline facies reached the stage in which the Klitik Limestones could be formed, similar in facies to the Kapung Limestones (See also Kalibeng Beds).

Type locality: Gunung Kapung, T 658, 81 km. North of Kendeng Ridge, 4 km west of Kali Tuntang.

Geographical distribution: N. slope of the Kendeng, N Serayu Mnts, S.of Semarang, N. Java.

Reference: Bemmelen (R.W. van) (1941), p. 31.

See: South Serayu Miocene.

Verbeek (R.D.M.) & Fennema (R.) (1896). Geol beschrijving van Java en Madoera.

Slates, quartzites, quartzite conglomerates, strongly metamorphosed by contact as well as by dynamometamorphism.

The name given above was originally introduced on the index of the geological map of Java by the authors mentioned. In the text they used the name "oldest slate formation" (oudste schieferformatie). The formation was based on samples collected by an agricultural officer Koorders.

In 1927 and 1928 samples were collected by the geologists van der Laan and Hannink. The presence of phyllitic shales with tourmaline and large muscovite crystals was ascertained. According to van Bemmelen (1949, p. 321) the formation may be correlated with the upper Triassic flysch of Sundaland.

Type locality: Karimunjawa Islands, North of Central Java.

Geographical distribution: Type locality only.

References: Rutten (L.M.R.) (1927), p. 67; 't Hoen (C.W.A.R.) (1929), pp. 1-72; Bemmelen (R.W. van) (1949), p. 321.

See: Ledok Formation.

See: Southern Mountains Miocene

See: Southern Mountains Miocene

Bemmelen (R.W. van) (1949). The Geology of Indonesia vol. IA, p. 572.

Monotonous series of marly clays containing Globigerina, Radiolaria, sponge spicules and discoasters, alternating with calcareous tuff-sandstones, and quartz-sandstones with larger foraminifera. The thickness is estimated at about 1,000 m, but due to the intensive folding and thrusting, no exact figure for the thickness can be given.

In the upper part of the Kerek Beds volcanic intercalations are much more frequent than in the lower part. The lower part can be correlated with the flysch-like Merawu series and the upper part with the Penjatan series of the North Serayu range. The age is estimated to be lower Middle Miocene.

The Kerek Beds overlie the Pelang Beds (Formation) and are overlain by the volcanic Banyak Beds (Formation). The position of the latter is unconformable according to van Bemmelen (1949a, p. 572).

Type locality: Not indicated.

Geographical distribution: Kendeng Range, between Semarang (W) and Gundih (E), Central Java.

Diagnostic fossils: Cycloclypeus (Katacycloclypeus) annulatus Martin.

See: Annulatus Zone (Formation).

Haar (C. ter) (1934). Toelichting bij Blad 58 (Boemiajoe). Geol. kaart van Java 1 / 100,000, pp. 19-21.

Volcanic beds of andesitic composition, forming the Kumbang and Baribis Mnts near Bumiayu, Central Java. The base, which conformably overlies the Halang Beds (Formation), consists of coarse breccias with angular components. Some bedding is discernible, as coarser and finer beds alternate. Beds of andesitic lava occur, as well as dikes of the same material. 500 m over the base well bedded white, red and rosecoloured tuffs occur, alternating with pumice-breccias, andesite-breccias and sandy tuffs. The thickness of this series is about 750 m. On top of these we find another 750 m of beds similar to the basal formations. The central tuffaceous part is very characteristic for the Kumbang Beds, and forms a distinct zone in the adjoining Baribis Mnts. According to Hetzel (1935, p. 23) the tuffs are irregularly distributed in the adjoining map sheet no. 54 (Majenang), but there no complete section was disclosed.

The Kumbang beds are typically the remains of a Pliocene strato-volcano, of which the original eruption center is difficult to ascertain because of succeeding erosion and late Pliocene folding. The greatest thickness is at the type section at G. Kumbang (2,000 m), diminishing towards the west to 100 m in the Cijulang canyon.

Other name: Kumbang Breccia (van Bemmelen, 1949). According to van Bemmelen (p. 654), the age of the Kumbang Beds is Upper Miocene as they are overlain by the Tapak Beds (Formation) which contain a Lower Pliocene Fauna.

Type locality: Bed of upper Babakan River (Cibabakan), where it flows down the slope of the G. Kumbang (Mnt. Kumbang). Long. 108º 50' 57" E. lat. 7º 8' S.

Geographical distribution: W and SW part of sheet 58, geol. map of Java, 1/100 000, and sheet 54, same geol. map of Java.

Diagnostic fossils: none.

References: Hetzel (W.H.) (1935), pp. 22-24 Bemmelen (R.W. van) (1949a), pp. 606-654.